Numerous studies have revealed that sperm parameters, seminal plasma, and a number of other fertility factors are all adversely impacted by cigarette smoke. However, it is unclear how smoking actually affects male fertility. The relationship between smoking and the parameters of semen is based on the biological fact that smoking increases the presence of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress (OS). Male fertility is decreased as a result of OS's devastating effects on sperm parameters like viability and morphology as well as its impairment of sperm function. Not all studies, though, have reached the same conclusions. The debated relationship between smoking and male fertility is clarified by this review, which also examines the effect of different smoking methods on male infertility. Additionally, this review highlights the mechanism how tobacco smoking disrupts the entire male reproductive system.
Infertility, Male; Smoking; Spermatogenesis; Spermatozoa; Seminal parameters; Tobacco smoke
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