Nearly every element of ecology and evolution is impacted by phenology. Almost all biological phenomena have yearly cycles and are impacted by the timing of abiotic events, from individual physiology to interspecific connections to global nutrient flows. Interest in this subject has increased recently as more research have shown phenological responses to climate change. The genetic influences on phenology, modelling methods, ecosystem-level effects of phenological change, and evolutionary implications have all been the subject of extensive recent research. Yet up until now, these initiatives have often developed on their own. Here, we combine some of these distinct lines of research to decipher terminology, enable habitat type comparisons, and encourage the fusion of concepts and approaches across several sizes and disciplines. We go through the connection between phenology and life history, the contrast between phenology from an organismal and population level, and how phenology affects communities, ecosystems, and evolutionary processes. Future research should concentrate on tying together the ecological and physiological aspects of phenology, comprehending the effects of phenological change on the population, and explicitly accounting for seasonality and phenology in predictions of ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change.
climate change, life history, natural selection, phenology, synchrony
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