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linked to increased crop productivity, as they provide a crop requirements. By tailoring fertilizer application to
more stable supply of nutrients throughout the growing specific field conditions, the amount of excess fertilizer
season. applied can be minimized, reducing nutrient runoff and
leaching. The project aims to demonstrate how these
3. Nutrient Recycling and Recovery: In the realm of
technologies can be adopted by small and medium-sized
fertilizer waste management, nutrient recycling and
farms to enhance sustainability without compromising crop
recovery technologies are gaining attention as ways to
yield.
repurpose waste materials and reduce reliance on
synthetic fertilizers. For example, research by Lee et al. 2. Development and Promotion of Slow-Release and
(2021) explored the use of organic waste materials, such Controlled-Release Fertilizers:
as compost and manure, as sources of recycled The use of slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) and controlled-
nutrients. The incorporation of these organic release fertilizers (CRFs) is proposed as an effective solution
amendments into soil not only provides a sustainable to manage fertilizer waste. These fertilizers release nutrients
source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but also gradually, ensuring that crops receive a steady supply of
helps improve soil health. Additionally, nutrient nutrients over time and reducing the chances of nutrient
recovery technologies, such as struvite precipitation and leaching. The project will explore the development of locally
membrane filtration, have been proposed as viable produced SRFs and CRFs that are tailored to the specific
options for recovering phosphorus from wastewater and needs of regional crops, thus reducing dependency on
other waste streams, reducing the need for mining and synthetic fertilizers. Research will also be conducted to
synthetic fertilizer production. assess the cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits of
these fertilizers in comparison to conventional fertilizers.
4. Biological and Organic Fertilizers: Organic fertilizers,
which include compost, bio-fertilizers, and other 3. Nutrient Recycling and Recovery from Waste
naturally derived substances, have been shown to Streams:
reduce fertilizer waste while promoting soil health. A Another proposed area of work involves the implementation
study by Singh et al. (2021) examined the role of bio- of nutrient recycling systems that utilize agricultural and
fertilizers, which contain beneficial microorganisms, in organic waste to recover and reuse valuable nutrients such
enhancing nutrient availability to plants. By improving as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The project aims to
nutrient cycling in the soil and reducing the dependency explore technologies like composting, anaerobic digestion,
on chemical fertilizers, bio-fertilizers contribute to a and biofiltration to convert agricultural waste into nutrient-
more sustainable farming system. Additionally, organic rich organic fertilizers. Additionally, the recovery of
fertilizers help to build soil organic matter, enhancing phosphorus from wastewater and agricultural runoff using
soil structure and water retention, and reducing the risk techniques like struvite precipitation will be explored. By
of nutrient leaching. recovering nutrients from waste, the need for synthetic
fertilizers can be reduced, creating a circular economy in
5. Policy and Regulatory Approaches: Several agriculture.
governments and international organizations have
initiated policies and regulations aimed at promoting 4. Promotion of Organic Fertilizers and Integrated
better fertilizer management practices. For instance, the Nutrient Management (INM):
European Union’s Nitrates Directive and the U.S. The project proposes the promotion of organic fertilizers,
Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Nutrient such as compost, manure, and bio-fertilizers, as alternatives
Criteria Program have established guidelines to limit to chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers not only reduce
nutrient pollution from fertilizers. Research on these fertilizer waste but also improve soil health, enhance water
policies, such as by Turner and Rabalais (2020), has retention, and reduce the risk of soil erosion. Integrated
highlighted the need for stronger enforcement and Nutrient Management (INM), which combines organic and
better farmer education to ensure the adoption of inorganic fertilizers in a balanced approach, will be
sustainable fertilizer practices. The integration of policy encouraged to optimize nutrient use efficiency and reduce
and scientific research is critical in creating a framework fertilizer wastage. This approach also promotes sustainable
that supports sustainable agricultural practices and practices by enhancing nutrient cycling in the soil and
minimizes fertilizer waste. reducing dependency on synthetic inputs.
III. PROPOSED WORK 5. Farmer Education and Awareness Programs:
In light of the growing concerns regarding fertilizer waste A critical component of the proposed work is to raise
and its environmental impacts, this project proposes several awareness among farmers about the environmental and
strategies and innovations aimed at improving fertilizer economic impacts of fertilizer waste. Educational programs
management in agricultural systems. The proposed work will be designed to inform farmers about best practices in
seeks to integrate sustainable practices, advanced fertilizer application, such as understanding soil nutrient
technologies, and policy frameworks to reduce fertilizer testing, adopting precision application techniques, and the
waste, enhance resource use efficiency, and safeguard benefits of slow-release fertilizers. Workshops, field
environmental health. The key areas of focus for the demonstrations, and digital platforms will be utilized to
proposed work include: disseminate knowledge and provide hands-on training to
farmers, enabling them to make informed decisions about
1. Implementation of Precision Fertilizer Application: fertilizer use.
The project proposes the wider adoption of precision
agriculture techniques, including the use of GPS-guided IV. PROPOSED RESEARCH MODEL
equipment, soil sensors, and remote sensing technologies. This proposed work makes use of a convolutional neural
These tools enable the precise application of fertilizers based network (CNN) model to categorise brain MRI pics into
on real-time data about soil conditions, nutrient levels, and eleven unique classes: alzheimer mild-demented, alzheimer

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